What Is an Endoscopy?

An endoscopy is a medical procedure that allows doctors to view and treat internal organs and vessels without making large incisions. Using a specialized instrument called an endoscope—a flexible tube with an attached camera—doctors can examine, diagnose, and even treat various conditions by inserting it through small incisions or natural body openings, such as the mouth.

In addition to visualizing internal structures, doctors can use the endoscope to collect tissue samples (biopsies) or perform procedures like removing polyps or repairing damage.

Why Might You Need an Endoscopy?

Endoscopy enables doctors to closely examine organs, detect abnormalities, and perform certain treatments with minimal invasiveness. Common uses include:

• Identifying the cause of symptoms like unexplained pain or bleeding
• Collecting tissue samples for lab analysis (endoscopic biopsy)
• Treating or monitoring conditions such as ulcers, tumors, or gallstones

Your doctor may recommend an endoscopy if you experience symptoms associated with conditions like:

• Digestive issues: GERD, IBD (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis), or stomach ulcers
• Obstructions or abnormalities: Gallstones, esophageal blockage, or tumors
• Bleeding: Unusual vaginal bleeding, blood in urine, or digestive tract bleeding
• Other issues: Chronic constipation, infections, or hiatal hernia

Before scheduling the procedure, your doctor will conduct a physical exam, review your medical history, and may order blood tests to assess if an endoscopy is necessary.

Preparing for an Endoscopy

Your doctor will provide detailed preparation instructions, but typical steps include:

• Diet restrictions: Avoid solid food for up to 12 hours before the procedure. Clear liquids may be allowed up to two hours before.
• Bowel preparation: For gastrointestinal procedures, laxatives or enemas may be prescribed to clear your system.
• Medication review: Inform your doctor of any medications or supplements you take, particularly blood-thinners, as these may need to be paused.
• Transportation: Arrange for someone to drive you home due to potential effects of sedation.

Types of Endoscopy

Endoscopies are categorized by the area of the body examined. Here are some common types:

Advancements in Endoscopy Technology

Endoscopy technology has evolved significantly, offering enhanced precision and comfort. Key innovations include:

• Capsule Endoscopy: A pill-sized camera is swallowed, capturing thousands of images as it travels through your digestive tract.
• Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS): Combines ultrasound and endoscopy to visualize and biopsy structures deep within the body.
• Chromoendoscopy: Uses dyes to highlight abnormalities in the digestive tract lining.
• Narrow Band Imaging (NBI): Enhances visualization of blood vessels and mucosal layers using specialized light filters.
• Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR): Removes cancerous tissue while preserving surrounding layers.

Risks of Endoscopy

While endoscopy is generally safe, risks include:

• Bleeding or infection (rare)
• Organ damage, such as perforation
• Pain, swelling, or redness at the incision site
• Persistent symptoms like fever, chest pain, or dark-colored stools

Each type of endoscopy carries unique risks depending on the procedure and your condition. Discuss these with your doctor beforehand.

Recovery After an Endoscopy

Most endoscopies are outpatient procedures, allowing you to return home the same day. Recovery typically involves:

• Resting for a few hours after sedation
• Following wound care instructions if incisions were made
• Avoiding strenuous activities for a short period

Some discomfort is normal, such as a sore throat after an upper GI endoscopy or mild blood in urine after a bladder exam. However, persistent or severe symptoms should be reported to your doctor immediately.

If a biopsy was performed, your doctor will share the results once they are available, guiding the next steps for your care.